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Mac App Store is the simplest way to find and download apps for your Mac. To download apps from the Mac App Store, you need a Mac with OS X 10.6.6 or later. The store caters mostly to Windows 10 PCs, and using the MacOS filter doesn’t produce the platform’s entire Mac-compatible list. That makes the Epic Games Store library the best place to find. Apr 06, 2013 On a Mac or PC open iTunes and go to the iTunes Store page. Click on the “Account” link under “Quick Links”. Log into your account if it asks you to and click on “Change Country or Region”. You can also change your location while in the App Store, just like you would in the iTunes Store. If not, you'll need to re-download it from the Mac App Store. Launch the App Store and ⌥-click the Purchases tab. An 'Install' button should appear next to Lion. Click it to re-download the installer. Once the installer finishes downloading, go to your Applications folder to find the installer itself. It is called Install Mac OS X Lion. How to see what apps you've purchased or downloaded on your Mac. To see your app history, visit your profile account information. Launch the Mac App Store from your Dock or Finder. Click on your Profile picture in the lower-right corner of the Mac App Store window. Scroll down the list of apps to see your app purchase and download history.

So, you’ve decided to download an older version of Mac OS X. There are many reasons that could point you to this radical decision. To begin with, some of your apps may not be working properly (or simply crash) on newer operating systems. Also, you may have noticed your Mac’s performance went down right after the last update. Finally, if you want to run a parallel copy of Mac OS X on a virtual machine, you too will need a working installation file of an older Mac OS X. Further down we’ll explain where to get one and what problems you may face down the road.

A list of all Mac OS X versions

We’ll be repeatedly referring to these Apple OS versions below, so it’s good to know the basic macOS timeline.

STEP 1. Prepare your Mac for installation

Given your Mac isn’t new and is filled with data, you will probably need enough free space on your Mac. This includes not just space for the OS itself but also space for other applications and your user data. One more argument is that the free space on your disk translates into virtual memory so your apps have “fuel” to operate on. The chart below tells you how much free space is needed.

Note, that it is recommended that you install OS on a clean drive. Next, you will need enough disk space available, for example, to create Recovery Partition. Here are some ideas to free up space on your drive:

• Uninstall large unused apps
• Empty Trash Bin and Downloads
• Locate the biggest files on your computer:

Go to Finder > All My Files > Arrange by size
Then you can move your space hoggers onto an external drive or a cloud storage.
If you aren’t comfortable with cleaning the Mac manually, there are some nice automatic “room cleaners”. Our favorite is CleanMyMac as it’s most simple to use of all. It deletes system junk, old broken apps, and the rest of hidden junk on your drive.

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.4 - 10.8 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.9 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.10 - 10.14 (free version)

STEP 2. Get a copy of Mac OS X download

Normally, it is assumed that updating OS is a one-way road. That’s why going back to a past Apple OS version is problematic. The main challenge is to download the OS installation file itself, because your Mac may already be running a newer version. If you succeed in downloading the OS installation, your next step is to create a bootable USB or DVD and then reinstall the OS on your computer.

How to download older Mac OS X versions via the App Store

If you once had purchased an old version of Mac OS X from the App Store, open it and go to the Purchased tab. There you’ll find all the installers you can download. However, it doesn’t always work that way. The purchased section lists only those operating systems that you had downloaded in the past. But here is the path to check it:

Among Us

1. Click the App Store icon.
2. Click Purchases in the top menu.
3. Scroll down to find the preferred OS X version.
4. Click Download.

This method allows you to download Mavericks and Yosemite by logging with your Apple ID — only if you previously downloaded them from the Mac App Store.

Without App Store: Download Mac OS version as Apple Developer

If you are signed with an Apple Developer account, you can get access to products that are no longer listed on the App Store. If you desperately need a lower OS X version build, consider creating a new Developer account among other options. The membership cost is $99/year and provides a bunch of perks unavailable to ordinary users.

Nevertheless, keep in mind that if you visit developer.apple.com/downloads, you can only find 10.3-10.6 OS X operating systems there. Newer versions are not available because starting Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.7, the App Store has become the only source of updating Apple OS versions.

Purchase an older version of Mac operating system

You can purchase a boxed or email version of past Mac OS X directly from Apple. Both will cost you around $20. For the reason of being rather antiquated, Snow Leopard and earlier Apple versions can only be installed from DVD.

Buy a boxed edition of Snow Leopard 10.6
Get an email copy of Lion 10.7
Get an email copy of Mountain Lion 10.8

The email edition comes with a special download code you can use for the Mac App Store. Note, that to install the Lion or Mountain Lion, your Mac needs to be running Snow Leopard so you can install the newer OS on top of it.

How to get macOS El Capitan download

If you are wondering if you can run El Capitan on an older Mac, rejoice as it’s possible too. But before your Mac can run El Capitan it has to be updated to OS X 10.6.8. So, here are main steps you should take:

1. Install Snow Leopard from install DVD.
2. Update to 10.6.8 using Software Update.
3. Download El Capitan here.

“I can’t download an old version of Mac OS X”

If you have a newer Mac, there is no physical option to install Mac OS versions older than your current Mac model. For instance, if your MacBook was released in 2014, don’t expect it to run any OS released prior of that time, because older Apple OS versions simply do not include hardware drivers for your Mac.

But as it often happens, workarounds are possible. There is still a chance to download the installation file if you have an access to a Mac (or virtual machine) running that operating system. For example, to get an installer for Lion, you may ask a friend who has Lion-operated Mac or, once again, set up a virtual machine running Lion. Then you will need to prepare an external drive to download the installation file using OS X Utilities.

After you’ve completed the download, the installer should launch automatically, but you can click Cancel and copy the file you need. Below is the detailed instruction how to do it.

STEP 3. Install older OS X onto an external drive

The following method allows you to download Mac OS X Lion, Mountain Lion, and Mavericks.

1. Start your Mac holding down Command + R.
2. Prepare a clean external drive (at least 10 GB of storage).
3. Within OS X Utilities, choose Reinstall OS X.
4. Select external drive as a source.
5. Enter your Apple ID.

Now the OS should start downloading automatically onto the external drive. After the download is complete, your Mac will prompt you to do a restart, but at this point, you should completely shut it down. Now that the installation file is “captured” onto your external drive, you can reinstall the OS, this time running the file on your Mac.

1. Boot your Mac from your standard drive.
2. Connect the external drive.
3. Go to external drive > OS X Install Data.

Locate InstallESD.dmg disk image file — this is the file you need to reinstall Lion OS X. The same steps are valid for Mountain Lion and Mavericks.

How to downgrade a Mac running later macOS versions

If your Mac runs macOS Sierra 10.12 or macOS High Sierra 10.13, it is possible to revert it to the previous system if you are not satisfied with the experience. You can do it either with Time Machine or by creating a bootable USB or external drive. Lister petter ac1 diesel engine repair manual.
Instruction to downgrade from macOS Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS High Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Mojave

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Catalina

Before you do it, the best advice is to back your Mac up so your most important files stay intact. In addition to that, it makes sense to clean up your Mac from old system junk files and application leftovers. The easiest way to do it is to run CleanMyMac X on your machine (download it for free here).

Visit your local Apple Store to download older OS X version

If none of the options to get older OS X worked, pay a visit to nearest local Apple Store. They should have image installations going back to OS Leopard and earlier. You can also ask their assistance to create a bootable USB drive with the installation file. So here you are. We hope this article has helped you to download an old version of Mac OS X. Below are a few more links you may find interesting.

These might also interest you:

OS X incorporates the latest technologies for creating powerful and fun-to-use apps. But the technologies by themselves are not enough to make every app great. What sets an app apart from its peers is how it helps the user achieve some tangible goal. After all, users are not going to care what technologies an app uses, as long as it helps them do what they need to do. An app that gets in the user’s way is going to be forgotten, but one that makes work (or play) easier and more fun is going to be remembered.

You use Cocoa to write apps for OS X. Cocoa gives you access to all of the features of OS X and allows you to integrate your app cleanly with the rest of the system. This chapter covers the key parts of OS X that help you create great apps. In particular, this chapter describes some of the important ease-of-use technologies introduced in OS X v10.7. For a more thorough list of technologies available in OS X, see Mac Technology Overview.

An Environment Designed for Ease of Use

OS X strives to provide an environment that is transparent to users and as easy to use as possible. By making hard tasks simple and getting out of the way, the system makes it easier for the user to be creative and spend less time worrying about the steps needed to make the computer work. Of course, simplifying tasks means your app has to do more of the work, but OS X provides help in that respect too.

As you design your app, you should think about the tasks that users normally perform and find ways to make them easier. OS X supports powerful ease-of-use features and design principles. For example:

• Users should not have to save their work manually. The document model in Cocoa provides support for saving the user’s file-based documents without user interaction; see The Document Architecture Provides Many Capabilities for Free.

• Apps should restore the user’s work environment at login time. Cocoa provides support for archiving the current state of the app’s interface (including the state of unsaved documents) and restoring that state at launch time; see User Interface Preservation.

• Apps should support automatic termination so that the user never has to quit them. Automatic termination means that when the user closes an app’s windows, the app appears to quit but actually just moves to the background quietly. The advantage is that subsequent launches are nearly instant as the app simply moves back to the foreground; see Automatic and Sudden Termination of Apps Improve the User Experience

• You should consider providing your users with an immersive, full-screen experience by implementing a full-screen version of your user interface. The full-screen experience eliminates outside distractions and allows the user to focus on their content; see Implementing the Full-Screen Experience.

• Support trackpad gestures for appropriate actions in your app. Gestures provide simple shortcuts for common tasks and can be used to supplement existing controls and menu commands. OS X provides automatic support for reporting gestures to your app through the normal event-handling mechanism; see Cocoa Event Handling Guide.

• Consider minimizing or eliminating the user’s interactions with the raw file system. Rather than expose the entire file system to the user through the open and save panels, some apps, in the manner of iPhoto and iTunes, can provide a better user experience by presenting the user’s content in a simplified browser designed specifically for the app’s content. OS X uses a well-defined file system structure that allows you to place and find files easily and includes many technologies for accessing those files; see The File System.

• For apps that support custom document types, provide a Quick Look plug-in so that users can view your documents from outside of your app; see Quick Look Programming Guide.

• Apps should support the fundamental features for the OS X user experience that make apps elegant and intuitive, such as direct manipulation and drag-and-drop. Users should remain in control, receive consistent feedback, and be able to explore because the app is forgiving with reversible actions; see OS X Human Interface Guidelines.

All of the preceding features are supported by Cocoa and can be incorporated with relatively little effort.

A Sophisticated Graphics Environment

High-quality graphics and animation make your app look great and can convey a lot of information to the user. Animations in particular are a great way to provide feedback about changes to your user interface. So as you design your app, keep the following ideas in mind:

• Use animations to provide feedback and convey changes. Cocoa provides mechanisms for creating sophisticated animations quickly in both the AppKit and Core Animation frameworks. For information about creating view-based animations, see Cocoa Drawing Guide. For information about using Core Animation to create your animations, see Core Animation Programming Guide.

• Include high-resolution versions of your art and graphics. OS X automatically loads high-resolution image resources when an app runs on a screen whose scaling factor is greater than 1.0. Including such image resources makes your app’s graphics look even sharper and crisper on those higher-resolution screens.

For information about the graphics technologies available in OS X, see Media Layer in Mac Technology Overview.

Low-Level Details of the Runtime Environment

When you are ready to begin writing actual code, there are a lot of technologies available to make your life easier. OS X supports all of the basic features such as memory management, file management, networking, and concurrency that you need to write your code. In some cases, though, OS X also provides more sophisticated services (or specific coding conventions) that, when followed, can make writing your code even easier.

Based on UNIX

OS X is powered by a 64-bit Mach kernel, which manages processor resources, memory, and other low-level behaviors. On top of the kernel sits a modified version of the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) operating system, which provides interfaces that apps can use to interact with the lower-level system. This combination of Mach and BSD provides the following system-level support for your apps:

• Preemptive multitasking—All processes share the CPU efficiently. The kernel schedules processes in a way that ensures they all receive the time they need to run. Even background apps continue to receive CPU time to execute ongoing tasks.

• Protected memory—Each process runs in its own protected memory space, which prevents processes from accidentally interfering with each other. (Apps can share part of their memory space to implement fast interprocess communication but take responsibility for synchronizing and locking that memory appropriately.)

• Virtual memory—64-bit apps have a virtual address space of approximately 18 exabytes (18 billion billion bytes). (If you create a 32-bit app, the amount of virtual memory is only 4 GB.) When an app’s memory usage exceeds the amount of free physical memory, the system transparently writes pages to disk to make more room. Written out pages remain on disk until they are needed in memory again or the app exits.

• Networking and Bonjour—OS X provides support for the standard networking protocols and services in use today. BSD sockets provide the low-level communication mechanism for apps, but higher-level interfaces also exist. Bonjour simplifies the user networking experience by providing a dynamic way to advertise and connect to network services over TCP/IP.

For detailed information about the underlying environment of OS X, see Kernel and Device Drivers Layer in Mac Technology Overview.

Concurrency and Threading

Each process starts off with a single thread of execution and can create more threads as needed. Although you can create threads directly using POSIX and other higher-level interfaces, for most types of work it is better to create them indirectly using block objects with Grand Central Dispatch (GCD) or operation objects, a Cocoa concurrency technology implemented by the NSOperation class.

GCD and operation objects are an alternative to raw threads that simplify or eliminate many of the problems normally associated with threaded programming, such as synchronization and locking. Specifically, they define an asynchronous programming model in which you specify only the work to be performed and the order in which you want it performed. The system then handles the tedious work required to schedule the necessary threads and execute your tasks as efficiently as possible on the current hardware. You should not use GCD or operations for work requiring time-sensitive data processing (such as audio or video playback), but you can use them for most other types of tasks.

For more information on using GCD and operation objects to implement concurrency in your apps, see Concurrency Programming Guide.

The File System

The file system in OS X is structured to provide a better experience for users. Rather than exposing the entire file system to the user, the Finder hides any files and directories that an average user should not need to use, such as the contents of low-level UNIX directories. This is done to provide a simpler interface for the end user (and only in places like the Finder and the open and save panels). Apps can still access any files and directories for which they have valid permissions, regardless of whether they are hidden by the Finder.

When creating apps, you should understand and follow the conventions associated with the OS X file system. Knowing where to put files and how to get information out of the file system ensures a better user experience.

A Few Important App Directories

Mac Computer Stores Locations

The OS X file system is organized in a way that groups related files and data together in specific places. Every file in the file system has its place and apps need to know where to put the files they create. This is especially important if you are distributing your app through the App Store, which expects you to put your app’s data files in specific directories.

Table 1-1 lists the directories with which apps commonly interact. Some of these directories are inside the home directory, which is either the user’s home directory or, if the app adopts App Sandbox, the app’s container directory as described in App Sandbox and XPC. Because the actual paths can differ based on these conditions, use the URLsForDirectory:inDomains: method of the NSFileManager class to retrieve the actual directory path. You can then add any custom directory and filename information to the returned URL object to complete the path.

Listing 1-1 shows an example of how to retrieve the base path to the Application Support directory and then append a custom app directory to it.

Listing 1-1 Getting the path to the Application Support directory

For more information about how to access files in well known system directories, see File System Programming Guide.

Coordinating File Access with Other Processes

In OS X, other processes may have access to the same files that your app does. Therefore, when working with files, you should use the file coordination interfaces introduced in OS X v10.7 to be notified when other processes (including the Finder) attempt to read or modify files your app is currently using. For example, coordinating file access is critical when your app adopts iCloud storage.

The file coordination APIs allow you to assert ownership over files and directories that your app cares about. Any time another process attempts to touch one of those items, your app is given a chance to respond. For example, when an app attempts to read the contents of a document your app is editing, you can write unsaved changes to disk before the other process is allowed to do its reading.

Using iCloud document storage, for example, you must incorporate file coordination because multiple apps can access your document files in iCloud. The simplest way to incorporate file coordination into your app is to use the NSDocument class, which handles all of the file-related management for you. See Document-Based App Programming Guide for Mac.

On the other hand, if you're writing a library-style (or “shoebox”) app, you must use the file coordination interfaces directly, as described in File System Programming Guide.

Interacting with the File System

Disks in Macintosh computers are formatted using the HFS+ file system by default. However, Macintosh computers can interact with disks that use other formats so you should never code specifically to any one file system. Table 1-2 lists some of the basic file system attributes you may need to consider in your app and how you should handle them.

File-System Usage Requirements for the Mac App Store

To promote a more consistent user experience, applications submitted to the Mac App Store must follow certain rules about where they write files. Users can be confused when applications cause unexpected side effects on the file system (for example, storing databases in the user’s Documents folder, storing files in the user’s Library folder that are not recognizably associated with your application, storing user data in the user’s Library folder, and so on).

Your application must adhere to the following requirements:

• You may use Apple frameworks such as User Defaults, Calendar Store, and Address Book that implicitly write to files in specific locations, including locations your application is not allowed to access directly.

• Your application may write to temporary paths that you acquire using the appropriate Apple programming interfaces, such as the NSTemporaryDirectory function.

• Your application may write to the following directories:

  • ~/Library/Application Support/<app-identifier>

  • ~/Library/<app-identifier>

  • ~/Library/Caches/<app-identifier>

  where <app-identifier> is your application's bundle identifier, its name, or your company’s name. This must exactly match what is in App Store Connect for the application.

  Always use Apple programming interfaces such as the URLsForDirectory:inDomains: function to locate these paths rather than hardcoding them. For more information, see File System Programming Guide.

• If your application manages libraries of pictures, music, or movies, the application may also write to the following directories:

  • ~/Pictures/<app-identifier>

  • ~/Music/<app-identifier>

  • ~/Movies/<app-identifier>

• If the user explicitly chooses to save data in an alternate location (using a Save As dialog), your application may write to the chosen location.

Security

The security technologies in OS X help you safeguard sensitive data created or managed by your app, and help minimize damage caused by successful attacks from hostile code. These technologies impact how your app interacts with system resources and the file system.

App Sandbox and XPC

You secure your app against attack from malware by following the practices recommended in Secure Coding Guide. But an attacker needs only to find a single hole in your defenses, or in any of the frameworks and libraries that you link against, to gain control of your app along with all of its privileges.

App Sandbox provides a last line of defense against stolen, corrupted, or deleted user data if malicious code exploits your app. App Sandbox also minimizes the damage from coding errors. Its strategy is twofold:

1. App Sandbox enables you to describe how your app interacts with the system. The system then grants your app the access it needs to get its job done, and no more. For your app to provide the highest level of damage containment, the best practice is to adopt the tightest sandbox possible.

2. App Sandbox allows the user to transparently grant your app additional access by way of Open and Save dialogs, drag and drop, and other familiar user interactions.

You describe your app’s interaction with the system by way of setting entitlements in Xcode. An entitlement is a key-value pair, defined in a property list file, that confers a specific capability or security permission to a target. For example, there are entitlement keys to indicate that your app needs access to the camera, the network, and user data such as the Address Book. For details on all the entitlements available in OS X, see Entitlement Key Reference.

When you adopt App Sandbox, the system provides a special directory for use by your app—and only by your app—called a container. Your app has unfettered read/write access to the container. All OS X path-finding APIs, above the POSIX layer, are relative to the container instead of to the user’s home directory. Other sandboxed apps have no access to your app’s container, as described further in Code Signing.

iOS Note: Because it is not for user documents, an OS X container differs from an iOS container which, in iOS, is the one and only location for user documents. As the sole local location for user documents, an iOS container is usually known simply as an app’s Documents directory.

Apple App Store Mac Os

In addition, an iOS container contains the app itself. This is not so in OS X.

iCloud Note: Apple’s iCloud technology, as described in iCloud Storage, uses the name “container” as well. There is no functional connection between an iCloud container and an App Sandbox container.

Your sandboxed app can access paths outside of its container in the following three ways:

• At the specific direction of the user

• By you configuring your app with entitlements for specific file-system locations, such as the Movies folder

• When a path is in any of certain directories that are world readable

The OS X security technology that interacts with the user to expand your sandbox is called Powerbox. Powerbox has no API. Your app uses Powerbox transparently when, for example, you use the NSOpenPanel and NSSavePanel classes, or when the user employs drag and drop with your app.

Some app operations are more likely to be targets of malicious exploitation. Examples are the parsing of data received over a network, and the decoding of video frames. By using XPC, you can improve the effectiveness of the damage containment offered by App Sandbox by separating such potentially dangerous activities into their own address spaces.

XPC is an OS X interprocess communication technology that complements App Sandbox by enabling privilege separation. Privilege separation, in turn, is a development strategy in which you divide an app into pieces according to the system resource access that each piece needs. The component pieces that you create are called XPC services. For details on adopting XPC, see Daemons and Services Programming Guide.

For a complete explanation of App Sandbox and how to use it, read App Sandbox Design Guide.

Code Signing

OS X employs the security technology known as code signing to allow you to certify that your app was indeed created by you. After an app is code signed, the system can detect any change to the app—whether the change is introduced accidentally or by malicious code. Various security technologies, including App Sandbox and parental controls, depend on code signing.

In most cases, you can rely on Xcode’s automatic code signing, which requires only that you specify a code signing identity in the build settings for your project. The steps to take are described in Code Signing Your App in Tools Workflow Guide for Mac. If you need to incorporate code signing into an automated build system, or if you link your app against third-party frameworks, refer to the procedures described in Code Signing Guide.

When you adopt App Sandbox, you must code sign your app. This is because entitlements (including the special entitlement that enables App Sandbox) are built into an app’s code signature.

OS X enforces a tie between an app’s container and the app’s code signature. This important security feature ensures that no other sandboxed app can access your container. The mechanism works as follows: After the system creates a container for an app, each time an app with the same bundle ID launches, the system checks that the app’s code signature matches a code signature expected by the container. If the system detects a mismatch, it prevents the app from launching.

For a complete explanation of code signing in the context of App Sandbox, read App Sandbox in Depth in App Sandbox Design Guide.

The Keychain

A keychain is a secure, encrypted container for storing a user’s passwords and other secrets. It is designed to help a user manage their multiple logins, each with its own ID and password. You should always use keychain to store sensitive credentials for your app.

For more on the keychain, see Keychain Services Concepts in Keychain Services Programming Guide.

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